Types of resarch

Different types of Computer

Stages of Sleep

Life cycle of butterfly

Child Development

swami vivekanandha

For other uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: [ʃami bibekanɔndo] (listen); 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta  (Bengali: [nɔrendronatʰ dɔto]), was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.[4][5] He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world[6][7] and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.[8] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of Indian nationalism as a tool of fight against the British empire in colonial India.[9] Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.[7] He is perhaps best known for his speech which began with the words - "Sisters and brothers of America ...,"[10] in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Swami Vivekananda

Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. On the left, Vivekananda wrote: "One infinite pure and holy – beyond thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee".[1]

Personal

Born

Narendranath Datta

12 January 1863

Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)

Died

4 July 1902 (aged 39)

Belur Math, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India)

Religion

Hinduism

Alma mater

University of Calcutta  (B.A.)

Signature

Founder of

Ramakrishna Mission  (1897)

Ramakrishna Math

Philosophy

Modern Vedanta,[2][3] Rāja yoga[3]

Religious career

Guru

Ramakrishna

Disciples

Ashokananda, Virajananda, Paramananda, Alasinga Perumal, Abhayananda, Sister Nivedita, Swami Sadananda

Influenced

Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bagha Jatin, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Jamsetji Tata, Nikola Tesla, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Annie Besant, Romain Rolland, Narendra Modi, Anna Hazare

Literary works

Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, My Master, Lectures from Colombo to Almora

Quotation

"Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached"

(more in Wikiquote)

Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha  family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint, and his birthday is celebrated as National Youth Day.

Thoughts of Abdul Kalam

Thoughts of buddha

Abdul kalam

In this Indian name, the name Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen  is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Abdul Kalam.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (/ˈæbdəl kəˈlɑːm/ (listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation  (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle  technology.[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[5]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

11th President of India

In office

25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007

Prime Minister

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Manmohan Singh

Vice President

Krishan Kant

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

Preceded by

K. R. Narayanan

Succeeded by

Pratibha Patil

Personal details

Born

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

15 October 1931

Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India

(present-day Tamil Nadu, India)

Died

27 July 2015 (aged 83)

Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Resting place

Pei Karumbu Ground, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India

Alma mater

St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli  (B.Eng.)

Madras Institute of Technology (M.Eng.)

Profession

Aerospace scientistAuthor

Awards

Padma Bhushan  (1981) 

Padma Vibhushan  (1990) 

Bharat Ratna (1997)

Hoover Medal (2009)

NSS Von Braun Award  (2013)

Notable work(s)

Wings of Fire, India 2020, Ignited Minds, Indomitable Spirit, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji

Signature

Website

abdulkalam.com

‹ The template Infobox scientist is being considered for merging. ›

Scientific career

Fields

Aerospace Engineering

Institutions

Defence Research and Development Organisation

Indian Space Research Organisation

Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President",[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.

Abraham Lincoln

This article is about the American president. For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

Abraham Lincoln (/ˈlɪŋkən/;[2] February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States (1861–1865). Lincoln led the nation through its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis in the American Civil War.[3][4] He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln in November 1863

16th President of the United States

In office

March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

Vice President

Hannibal Hamlin

Andrew Johnson

Preceded by

James Buchanan

Succeeded by

Andrew Johnson

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

from Illinois's 7th district

In office

March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849

Preceded by

John Henry

Succeeded by

Thomas L. Harris

Member of the

Illinois House of Representatives

from Sangamon County

In office

December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842

Personal details

Born

February 12, 1809

Sinking Spring Farm, Kentucky, U.S.

Died

April 15, 1865  (aged 56)

Washington, D.C., U.S.

Cause of death

Assassination  (gunshot wound to the head)

Resting place

Lincoln Tomb

Political party

Whig (before 1854)

Republican (1854–1864)

National Union (1864–1865)

Height

6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]

Spouse(s)

Mary Todd (m. 1842)

Children

RobertEdwardWillieTad

Mother

Nancy Hanks

Father

Thomas Lincoln

Signature

Military service

Allegiance

United States

Illinois

Branch/service

Illinois Militia

Years of service

1832

Rank

Captain[a]

Private[a]

Battles/wars

American Indian Wars

Black Hawk War

Battle of Kellogg's Grove

Battle of Stillman's Run

Lincoln was born in poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849 he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery  as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States of America fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.

As the leader of moderate Republicans, Lincoln stood in the center of the factions with friends and opponents on both sides. War Democrats rallied a large faction of former opponents into his moderate camp, but they were countered by Radical Republicans, who demanded harsh treatment of the Southern traitors. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised him. There were irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements who plotted his assassination. Lincoln managed the factions by pitting them against each other, by carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.[5]:65–87 His Gettysburg Address  became a historic clarion call for nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade  of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation and his order that the Army protect escaped slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which outlawed slavery across the country.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign.

Mahatma Gandhi

"Gandhi" redirects here. For the third prime minister of India, see Indira Gandhi. For other uses, see Gandhi (disambiguation).

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/;[3] 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer,[4] anti-colonial nationalist,[5] and political ethicist,[6] who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence  from British Rule,[7] and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā  (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.[8][9]

Mahātmā

Gandhi

Born

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

2 October 1869

Porbandar, Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, British-ruled India

Died

30 January 1948  (aged 78)

New Delhi, India

Cause of death

Assassination  (gunshot)

Monuments

Raj Ghat, 

Gandhi Smriti

Nationality

Indian

Other names

Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu ji, Gandhi ji

Alma mater

University College London (LL.B.)[1]

Inner Temple

Occupation

LawyerPoliticianActivistWriter

Years active

1893–1948

Era

British Raj

Known for

Indian Independence Movement,

Nonviolent resistance

Notable work

The Story of My Experiments with Truth

Office

President of the Indian National Congress

Term

1924–1925

Political party

Indian National Congress

Movement

Indian independence movement

Spouse(s)

Kasturba Gandhi

(m. 1883; died 1944)

Children

HarilalManilalRamdasDevdas

Parents

Karamchand Gandhi  (father)

Putlibai Gandhi (mother)

Military career

Allegiance

 British Empire

Years of service

1900–1902, 1906

Rank

Sergeant-Major[2]

Unit

Natal Volunteer Indian Ambulance Corps

Indian Stretcher-Bearer Corps

Battles/wars

Second Boer War

Bambatha Rebellion

Awards

Kaiser-i-Hind Medal (1st Class)

Queen's South African Medal

Natal Native Rebellion Medal

Signature

Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi was trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and called to the bar at age 22 in June 1891. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to stay for 21 years. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family, and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.[10]

The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth, or short dhoti and, in the winter, a shawl, both woven with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel, or charkha, as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. Thereafter, he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community, ate simple vegetarian food, and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India.

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.[11] In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire[11] was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.[12] As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal.

Hitler

"Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see Hitler (disambiguation).

Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] (listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party  (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP). He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then as Führer in 1934.[a] During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler

Hitler in 1938

Führer of Germany

In office

2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945

Preceded by

Paul von Hindenburg  (President)

Succeeded by

Karl Dönitz (President)

Chancellor of Germany

In office

30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945

President

Paul von Hindenburg

(1933–1934)

Deputy

Franz von Papen

(1933–1934)

Hermann Göring

(1941–1945)

Preceded by

Kurt von Schleicher

Succeeded by

Joseph Goebbels

Führer of the Nazi Party

In office

29 July 1921[1] – 30 April 1945

Deputy

Rudolf Hess (1933–1941)

Preceded by

Anton Drexler  (Chairman)

Succeeded by

Martin Bormann (Party Minister)

Personal details

Born

20 April 1889

Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary

Died

30 April 1945  (aged 56)

Berlin, Nazi Germany

Cause of death

Suicide by gunshot

Citizenship

Austrian (1889–1925)

None (1925–1932)

German (1932–1945)

Political party

Nazi Party (1921–1945)

Other political

affiliations

German Workers' Party  (1919–20)

Spouse(s)

Eva Braun (m. 1945)

Mother

Klara Pölzl

Father

Alois Hitler

Relatives

Hitler family

Cabinet

Hitler cabinet

Signature

Military service

Allegiance

German Empire

Branch

Imperial German Army

Bavarian Army

Service years

1914–1920

Rank

Gefreiter

Unit

16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment

Wars

World War I

Western Front

First Battle of Ypres

Battle of the Somme  (WIA)

Battle of Arras

Battle of Passchendaele

Hundred Days Offensive   (WIA)

Awards

Iron Cross First Class

Iron Cross Second Class

Wound Badge

Hitler was born in Austria—then part of Austria-Hungary—and was raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the NSDAP, and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles  and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism  and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy.

By November 1932, the Nazi Party had the most seats in the German Reichstag but did not have a majority. As a result, no party was able to form a majority parliamentary coalition in support of a candidate for chancellor. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly after, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which gave him significant popular support.

"Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see Hitler (disambiguation).
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] (listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party  (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP). He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then as Führer in 1934.[a] During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler

Hitler in 1938
Führer of Germany
In office
2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945
Preceded by
Paul von Hindenburg  (President)
Succeeded by
Karl Dönitz (President)
Chancellor of Germany
In office
30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945
President
Paul von Hindenburg
(1933–1934)
Deputy
Franz von Papen
(1933–1934)
Hermann Göring
(1941–1945)
Preceded by
Kurt von Schleicher
Succeeded by
Joseph Goebbels
Führer of the Nazi Party
In office
29 July 1921[1] – 30 April 1945
Deputy
Rudolf Hess (1933–1941)
Preceded by
Anton Drexler  (Chairman)
Succeeded by
Martin Bormann (Party Minister)
Personal details
Born
20 April 1889
Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Died
30 April 1945  (aged 56)
Berlin, Nazi Germany
Cause of death
Suicide by gunshot
Citizenship
Austrian (1889–1925)
None (1925–1932)
German (1932–1945)
Political party
Nazi Party (1921–1945)
Other political
affiliations
German Workers' Party  (1919–20)
Spouse(s)
Eva Braun (m. 1945)
Mother
Klara Pölzl
Father
Alois Hitler
Relatives
Hitler family
Cabinet
Hitler cabinet
Signature

Military service
Allegiance
German Empire
Branch
Imperial German Army
Bavarian Army
Service years
1914–1920
Rank
Gefreiter
Unit
16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment
Wars
World War I
Western Front
First Battle of Ypres
Battle of the Somme  (WIA)
Battle of Arras
Battle of Passchendaele
Hundred Days Offensive   (WIA)
Awards
Iron Cross First Class
Iron Cross Second Class
Wound Badge
Hitler was born in Austria—then part of Austria-Hungary—and was raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the NSDAP, and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles  and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism  and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy.

By November 1932, the Nazi Party had the most seats in the German Reichstag but did not have a majority. As a result, no party was able to form a majority parliamentary coalition in support of a candidate for chancellor. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly after, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which gave him significant popular ssupport.